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Lexicon Taxonomy: Molecule

Definition: A chemical compound, lipid, cofactor, or molecular component that acts as a signaling carrier or building block in biological circuits.

A

ATP
Type: molecule

Adenosine triphosphate; the primary chemical energy currency within cells, synthesized by mitochondr...

amino acid
Type: molecule

A small organic compound containing both an amino and a carboxyl group, acting as the fundamental mo...

antioxidant
Type: molecule

A molecule capable of neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals, thereby protecti...

atuzaginstat
Type: molecule

COR388; an experimental, brain-penetrant small-molecule inhibitor of Porphyromonas gingivalis Lys-gi...

C

cerebrospinal fluid
Type: molecule

Cerebrospinal fluid; the clear fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord, acting as a physical cus...

coenzyme
Type: molecule

A non-protein organic cofactor required by specific enzymes to carry out catalytic activities, often...

colibactin
Type: molecule

A genotoxic chemical metabolite produced by Escherichia coli strains carrying the *pks* pathogenicit...

cysteine
Type: molecule

A sulfur-containing semi-essential amino acid critical for protein folding via disulfide bonds and a...

D

DHA
Type: molecule

Docosahexaenoic acid; a long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid essential for brain structure,...

DNA
Type: molecule

Deoxyribonucleic acid; the double-stranded helical molecule containing the genetic instructions gove...

E

EGCG
Type: molecule

Epigallocatechin gallate; the primary green tea polyphenol under investigation for modulating AMPK s...

enzymes
Type: molecule

Biological catalysts (usually proteins) that significantly accelerate the rate of specific biochemic...

F

folate
Type: molecule

Vitamin B9; an essential coenzyme cofactor in one-carbon metabolism synthesized by gut bacteria, cri...

free radicals
Type: molecule

Atoms or molecules with an unpaired valence electron, making them highly reactive and capable of ind...

G

gene
Type: molecule

A specific sequence of DNA nucleotides containing the genetic instructions required to synthesize a...

gingipains
Type: molecule

Toxic cysteine protease enzymes secreted by Porphyromonas gingivalis that degrade neuronal proteins,...

H

homocysteine
Type: molecule

A sulfur-containing amino acid intermediary in folate and vitamin B12 dependent methionine metabolis...

L

LPS
Type: molecule

Lipopolysaccharide; a major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria that acts as a...

M

metabolite
Type: molecule

Any small-molecule intermediate or end-product synthesized during cellular metabolism, acting as ene...

methionine
Type: molecule

An essential sulfur-containing amino acid that acts as a fundamental initiator of protein translatio...

microtubule
Type: molecule

Tubular cytoskeletal structures composed of tubulin dimers, essential for maintaining cell shape, en...

misfolded proteins
Type: molecule

Proteins that have failed to fold into their correct 3D shape, rendering them non-functional and pro...

mitochondria
Type: molecule

Double-membrane-bound organelles found in most eukaryotic organisms, responsible for generating aden...

N

NAD+
Type: molecule

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; an essential coenzyme present in all living cells, acting as a cr...

O

omega-3 fatty acids
Type: molecule

A family of polyunsaturated fatty acids (including DHA and EPA) essential for structural integrity,...

organosulfur
Type: molecule

Organic chemical compounds containing sulfur atoms, found in foods like garlic and broccoli, known f...

P

phenol rings
Type: molecule

A chemical structure consisting of a hydroxyl group bonded directly to an aromatic benzene ring, fou...

phosphate
Type: molecule

An inorganic chemical group consisting of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms, utilized to...

phosphatidylcholine
Type: molecule

A class of phospholipids incorporating choline, forming a major structural component of cell membran...

polyphenol
Type: molecule

A structurally diverse class of natural plant compounds characterized by multiple phenol rings, wide...

protein
Type: molecule

A large biomolecule composed of one or more amino acid chains folded into a specific 3D structure th...

R

RNA
Type: molecule

Ribonucleic acid; a single-stranded nucleic acid molecule synthesized from DNA that acts as a templa...

reactive oxygen species
Type: molecule

Highly reactive oxygen-containing chemicals (such as hydrogen peroxide and superoxide) that can dama...

resveratrol
Type: molecule

A dietary polyphenol found in red grape skins that acts as an activator of the SIRT1 deacetylase, mi...

S

short-chain fatty acids
Type: molecule

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like acetate, propionate, and butyrate produced by gut microbial fer...

sulforaphane
Type: molecule

An organosulfur compound found in cruciferous vegetables that acts as a potent indirect antioxidant...

sulfur
Type: molecule

A chemical element (S) essential for life, acting as a crucial component of amino acids (cysteine an...

V

Vitamin B12
Type: molecule

Cobalamin; a complex water-soluble vitamin synthesized exclusively by bacteria, acting as a coenzyme...

X

xenobiotic
Type: molecule

A chemical compound (such as a drug, toxin, or pesticide) that is foreign to a biological system and...